Which term is defined as a statement put forth and supported by evidence?

The term that best fits the description of a statement put forth and supported by evidence is "argument." In the context of logic and critical thinking, an argument is a set of statements, where one or more premises are put forward to support a conclusion. The crucial aspect of an argument is that it is not just an opinion; it is grounded in evidence and reasoning, allowing for critical evaluation and discussion.

The other terms, while they may relate to various contexts, do not carry the same meaning. “Arrangement” typically pertains to the organization of ideas or items, while “plan” refers to a detailed proposal for achieving something. “Attack” generally conveys an aggressive action or strategy, either in a literal or metaphorical sense, and does not inherently involve the presentation of evidence or the support of a statement. Thus, "argument" is distinctly focused on the logical structure involving evidence-based reasoning.